Research Paper on RSA Algorithm Essay Example

Research Paper on RSA Algorithm Essay RSA (an abbreviation of names Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman) is a public key cryptography algorithm, which is based on the computational complexity of the problem of integer factorization. RSA cryptosystem is the first system suitable for encryption and digital signatures. The algorithm is used in a large number of cryptographic applications, including PGP, S / MIME, TLS / SSL, IPSEC / IKE and others. Published in the November 1976, the article New Directions in Cryptography by Martin Whitfield and Diffie Hellman overthrew the idea of cryptographic systems, laying the foundations of public key cryptography. Subsequently developed the Diffie-Hellman key exchange allowed two parties to obtain the shared secret key over an insecure channel. However, this algorithm did not solve the problem of authentication. Without using additional tools, users could not be sure they have generated a shared secret key with a right person. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on RSA Algorithm specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on RSA Algorithm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on RSA Algorithm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After reading New Directions in Cryptography, three scientists Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have begun the search for a mathematical function that would allow to implement the model of public key cryptography systems formulated by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman. After working on more than 40 possible variants, they managed to find an algorithm based on the difference in how easy it was to find large prime numbers, and how difficult it was to factorize the product of two large prime numbers, which later received the name of the RSA. The system was named for the first letters of the names of its creators. In August 1977, in the â€Å"Mathematical Games† column of the journal Scientific by Martin Gardner American, appeared the first description of the RSA cryptosystem with the permission of Ronald Rivest. After the Martin Gardner’s publication, anyone could get full description of the new cryptosystem by sending a request by mail to Ronald Rivest, with enclosed self-addressed envelope and stamps for 35 cents. Full description of the new cryptosystem was published in the Communications of the ACM journal in February 1978. The patent application was filed December 14, 1977, with MIT as the owner. Patent 4405829 was issued September 20, 1983, and September 21, 2000 has expired. However, outside the United States the inventors have not the patent on the algorithm, as in most countries, it was necessary to get it befor the first publication. In 1982, Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman formed the company RSA Data Security (at the moment – a division of EMC). In 1989, RSA, together with a symmetric cipher DES, is mentioned in RFC 1115, thereby starting the use of the algorithm in the emerging Internet, and in 1990 Ministry of Defense started to use the algorithm. You can get all the necessary information in free sample research paper topics on rsa algorithm, which there are in quantity on the Web. Are you looking for a top-notch custom research paper on RSA Algorithm topics? Is confidentiality as important to you as the high quality of the product? Try our writing service at EssayLib.com! We can offer you professional assistance at affordable rates. Our experienced PhD and Master’s writers are ready to take into account your smallest demands. We guarantee you 100% authenticity of your paper and assure you of dead on time delivery. Proceed with the order form: Please, feel free to visit us at EssayLib.com and learn more about our service!

Comparative Analysis between UAE and Germany

Comparative Analysis between UAE and Germany Introduction United Arab Emirates (UAE) is located in the Gulf of Oman coast in the Middle East. UAE is a member state of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). GCC is an economic cum political organization founded by Arabs countries that border the Persian Gulf.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Analysis between UAE and Germany specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the 2012 GCC economic report, UAE was the second largest economy among the member states. The association further ranked UAE as the third largest economy in the Middle East. In the world ranking, UAE is rated as the 30th largest economy. UAE is said to be one of the fastest growing economy in the world. Tourism industry is the largest source of foreign exchange in the UAE. Export of natural gas and petroleum products plays a significant role in the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Plans are underway to diversify UAE’s e conomy beyond tourism, energy and service industry (International Monetary Fund 2013). Germany is located in the central region of Western Europe. Germany is among the 17 countries that constitute the European Union (EU) member states. Just like GCC, EU is a Europe regional organization that facilitates political and economic interest of the region (Thompson 2013, p. 228). According the international monetary fund (IMF), German economy is the largest national economy in the entire Europe. In addition, German nominal GDP ranked fourth in the world ranking after United States (US), China, and Japan. The country further ranked fifth in terms of the GDP purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2012 (International Monetary Fund 2013). Germany earns largest foreign exchange from exports. The exports include automobiles, chemicals, and machinery.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More H owever, the country imports a third of its power from other countries. German and UAE economies benefit largely from EU and GCC inter-regional trade. GCC and EU organizations have facilitated the trade by signed several economic agreements since (Braun 2012, p. 2005). Economic variables UAE and Germany economies can be well compared through macroeconomic variables and theories. Research asserts that macroeconomics provides the best analysis of country’s economy. Macroeconomics is best analyzed using the Output-Expenditure identity, Y=C+I+G+(X-M). Y is the GDP representing the total value of service and goods that a country produces annually. C is the consumer expenditure which represents the total value of services and goods customers buy annually. I represent the total business investment value. Finally, G represents the government spending. X represents the total export while M is the total value of imports annually. This is the annual purchases of all capital goods in a gi ven country. The Output-Expenditure identity leads to the circular flow of the economy. Y=C+I represent the fundamental economy of a country. The equation states that the total income of the country is equal to the total business investment and consumer spending (Dunn Mutti 2012, p. 85). Macroeconomics experts use the Output-Expenditure identity to explain economic variables. Economic variable is the statistical measure of the economic status. Therefore, there are three economic variables in the Output-Expenditure identity. The variables include Y (total output, or GDP), C (consumption), and I (investment). The fiscal economic policy defines GDP as the total purchases that government, businesses, and consumers of a country make within a year.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Analysis between UAE and Germany specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, the total consumption is a function of the citizen†™s disposable income. Income is the net personal income after the prevailing taxes. Therefore, government taxes influence the consumption rates in the economy. Finally, taxes are functions of the citizen’s income. Therefore, we can evaluate and compare economy of UAE and Germany based on the history of the total country income, consumption, investments, government and taxes. However, all these variables are usually involved in the calculation of the annual GDP growth rate and value. In summary, we can substantially analyze the economy of UAE and Germany by focusing on their annual GDP (Dunn Mutti 2012, p. 88). World development indicators (WPI) from 2003 to 2013 Germany Indicator 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 GNI/PPP $) 28120 29930 31470 34190 36150 37550 36500 38410 40190 41890 Population, total 82534176 82516260 82469422 82376451 82266372 82110097 81902307 81776930 81797673 81889839 GDP (current US$) 2.42381E+12 2.7263E+12 2.7663E+12 2.9027E+ 12 3.3238E+12 3.6237E+12 3.29864E+12 3.2845E+12 3.6008E+12 3.3996E+12 GDP growth (annual %) -0.37544394 1.16113261 0.68465566 3.7 3.26904532 1.08320105 -5.12702079 4.15774099 3.0288866 0.67144542 Life expectancy 78.3804878 78.6804878 78.9317073 79.1317073 79.5341463 79.7365854 79.83658537 79.9878049 80.7414634 _ Table 1 Germany WPI data (World Data Bank 2013). United Arab Emirates (UAE) Indicator Name 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 GNI per capita, PPP ($) 66140 68970 66620 64660 58380 51540 45050 41910 41980 _ Population, total 3369254 3658658 4148883 4875639 5797347 6798635 7718319 8441537 8925096 9205651 GDP (current US$) 1.2435E+11 1.4782E+11 1.8062E+11 2.2211E+11 2.5815E+11 3.1484E+11 2.70335E+11 2.87422E+11 3.4859E+11 _ GDP growth (annual %) 8.80054082 9.56643664 4.8551412 9.90619204 3.21324797 3.2946366 -1.60942968 1.81717227 3.87982931 4.36520899 Life expectancy at birth, (years) 75.1244878 75.3557317 75.5819512 75.800122 76.0112195 76.2 147561 76.41070732 76.59860976 76.781 _ Table 2 UAE WPI data (World Data Bank 2013). National Bureau of Statistics data Germany According to the German Federal statistical Office, GDP growth rate slightly improved in 2013. The office reported that GDP grew by 0.9 percent in the second quarter of 2013 compared to the same period in 2012. The federal annual report indicates that annual growth rate from 1992 to 2013 stands at 1.3 percent. The highest GDP growth rate was 5.2% in 2011, March.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the lowest GDP growth rate recorded was -6.8% in 2009, January. The growth is attributed to the contribution of various sectors that constitute the Germany economy (Trading economics 2013). Service sector is reported to contribute the highest income in the country at 18 percent. The most significant service industries include health, education, and public service. Accommodation, food industry, trade, hotels, and transport contributed 16 percent of the Germany’s GDP in the second quarter of 2013. Real estate industry and business contributed 11% and 10% respectively. Agriculture and other industries contribute the remaining 1% of the total GDP in the annual Germany income. Germany is the fourth largest national economy in the world. This prosperity is attributed to the large exports that Germany do annually. In that regard, exports contribute over 25% of the Germany’s national GDP annually. The following figure provides a graphical trend of the German y GDP growth rate. Figure 1 Germany GDP annual growth rate United Arab Emirates (UAE) National Bureau of Statistics, UAE reported a substantial GDP growth in 2012. The department reported a 4.4 percent GDP growth rate in 2012 compared to 2011. The Bureau articulated that average annual GDP growth rate of UAE was 4.6 percent from 2000 to 2012. The highest GDP growth was recorded in December 2006. On the other hand, the lowest GDP growth rate was -4.8 percent in 2009. The GDP growth rate in the past twelve years was as a result of improvement of various economic sectors. It is worth noting that the UAE GDP growth rate is fast. Very few countries register such growth and consistency in the national GDP growth rate. Figure 2 below shows the graphical representations of the UAE annual growth rate from 2003 to 2013. The Bureau asserts that the service industry contributes over 40 percent of the annual GDP. The most profitable segments in the service industry include: retail and wholesale trading (12 %); Business and real estate (9%); and warehousing, communication and transport (8%). Export of natural gas and oil contributes about 38% of UAE national income. 13% of the national GDP comes from distribution of gas, water, and electricity to the neighbouring countries. Manufacturing industry is said to contribute 8% of the annual GDP. The remaining 1% of the national GDP is contributed by agriculture and fishing industries (Trading economics 2013). Figure 2: UAE GDP annual growth rate Explanation of the economic data The International Monetary Fund (IMF) attributes the 2009 economic meltdown in the two countries to economic depression. IMF defines economic depression as the decline in economic growth in two consecutive financial quarters. IMF report indicates that aggregate demand (AD) represents Y in the Y=C+I+G+(X-M) equation. A fluctuation in any of these components results to the economic recession. Common causes of the recession include borrowing, less governmen t spending, and high taxes. This eventually reduces the disposable income hence fall in the real GDP. The adverse effect of AD fall results leads to the economic recession (International Monetary Fund 2013). In 2009, Europe experienced a severe economic recession. IMF asserts that the recession was caused by several economic constraints. Abrupt shortage of lending funds resulted to the credit crunch. Decline of the credit loans led to reduced credit availability and fall of housing prices. The fall was as a result of reduced mortgages and persistent credit crunch. In the beginning of 2009, the inflation rates escalated leading to decline disposable income in many EU countries. The condition resulted to loss of confidence to the financial sector across Europe. The confidence in the real economy led to the economic recession. The economic recession resulted to fall of international trade in Europe. This explains why there is GDP decline in both Germany and UAE in 2009 (International M onetary Fund 2013). Analysis Explanation of the economic variables The above tables show a detailed 10-year WPI data from the world data bank database. The table contains the annual GDP values, in dollars, from 2003 to 2012. The tables further provide the GDP growth rate in both countries by giving the percentage change from the previous year. This change is significant since it helps us evaluate the economic progress of both countries. In addition, the table provides the gross national income (GNI) of the two countries. Economic experts use the prevailing international dollar value to determine the GNI per PPP values of various countries for ranking purposes. Consequently, the GNI listed in terms of per capita PPP in dollars (EIU Country Analysis 2013). According to the 2011 World Bank GNI/PPP report, Germany ranked 16 while UAE ranked 15. This implies that UAE had higher income than Germany. GDP growth rate is the percentage change in the total production of a given country over a specified duration. The above WPI tabulations have included population details. Population growth rate is an important factor in the determination of the country’s GDP. The total population of the country is used in the calculation of the per capita income. In addition, the population is also used in the determination of the purchasing power parity and consumption rate. The more the population, the higher the consumption since every person in the population consumes goods and services daily (EIU Country Analysis 2013). From the table, it is clear that UAE population increased from 3,369,254 in 2003 to 9,205,651 in 2012. This translates to about 200% increase in population in a span of 10 years. Such high rate of population growth resulted to increased dependency ratio, increased pressure on social amenities and economic resource. Advantages of high population growth rate include increased local consumption, taxes, and investment. On the other hand, Germany population decline d from 82,534,176 in 2002 to 81,889,839 in 2013. This implies that Germany has experienced reduced population pressure (EIU Country Analysis 2013). Data analysis UAE economy is growing at very high rate. This paper earlier focused on how UAE’s population increased by over 300% in a decade. Despite high population growth rate, UAE recorded a GDP growth rate of 4.4% compared to 1.3% of Germany in 2013. On the other hand, German population declined over the same period. Economies argue that increased population is detrimental to the country’s economy. Therefore, it is expected that UAE GDP growth rate should decline following the effects of the increased population. Contrary, UAE GDP has a high growth rate for the last three years. This confirms the widespread speculation that UAE has the fastest growing economy in the world (EIU Country Analysis 2013). German GDP growth can be termed as stagnating. Given that the country is the fourth largest national economy for a while now, a better growth is expected. In addition, with fairly constant population for a decade, the GDP should be even better. However, Germany has recorded a slow growth of 0.9% in 2013 and 1.3% overall. Though this is economic growth, this is low for a country of such economic status. A slight decline in population should have improved the German GDP. Decline in population implies that German government had little spending on health and other social amenities. Furthermore, this means job opportunities of their citizens have been high. Decline in population means low population under the age of ten. Therefore, there is a low dependency ratio hence high disposable income among the citizens. Following these advantages, German should have a faster growth rate than now (EIU Country Analysis 2013). Comparative analysis Germany Germany GDP growth rate declined in 2009. This was as a result of the 2009 economic depression in Europe. Eurostat statistical office reported that poverty levels i n most part of Europe increased by approximately 2.5 percent from 2009 to 2011. This percentage translated to over 117 million citizens in Europe. The poverty level increase is associated with social transfers that took place during that period. Eurostat asserts that the most affected citizens were those earning a disposable income of less than 60%. The working group working for a total of less than 20% working hours were also subject to this condition (Braun 2012, p. 2020). Social transfer resulted to severe material deprivation. Eurostat defines material deprivation as the state of being unable to afford the four indispensable items in life. The four items include a car, daily balanced diet, rent, and a washing machine. The report reveals that the severely deprived people increased over 5% from 2009 to 2011. Severe deprivation leads to reduced purchasing power in the region. Germany Exports contributes over 25% of the annual National GDP. Therefore, social deprivation across Europ e must have affected the GDP from 2009 to 2011 as shown in the GDP growth rate graph in figure 1. Perhaps, Germany experienced reduced local consumption of the due to the same condition (Braun 2012, p. 2022). United Arab Emirates (UAE) UAE experienced fast GDP growth rate from 2003 to 2008. Earlier this paper stated that export of oil and natural gas contributes to 38% of the UAE’s annual GDP. Macroeconomic reports state that there was significant growth of the world prices of oil and natural gas from 2003 to 2008. This led to increment of UAE’s economy with over 145% to $261.4 billions. In addition, UAE embarked on economic diversification programs in the same period. Investment in other sectors like trade, real estate, transport and communication, and distribution of electricity and gas boosted UAE economy. This explains why UAE experienced the fastest GDP growth rate despite high population growth (EIU Country Analysis 2013). UAE GDP growth rate declined in 2009. Th is was mainly caused by the effects of the economic recession in 2009. Since UAE earned high GNI through export, global economic contraction in 2009 reduced the annual GDP in 2009. The economic recession led to reduced global prices of oil and natural gas. In addition, many EU countries that import energy products from UAE reduced their import quantities. This resulted to a sharp decline in the GDP growth rate. IMF reported that UAE annual GDP growth rate declined by 12% in 2009 alone. However, the growth rate improved in 2010 after economic recovery (International Monetary Fund 2013). From 2010 to present, UAE GDP growth rate has been on the rise. In 2010, UAE oil and natural gas exports gradually started increasing. This was due to the economic recovery in Europe following the severe 2009 recession. Through EU-GCC regional partnership, most EU economies increased their spending on natural oil and gas products. Furthermore, the international prices of oil and gas increased from 201 0. This resulted to increased UAE GDP growth rate at 1.8% (2010), 3.9% (2011), and 4.4% (2012). The 4.4% mark was the highest since 2006. Bureau statistics office reported that this was due to stable world oil prices. In addition, the office attributes the rise to the increased tourism and trade activities in Dubai, the state’s capital (EIU Country Analysis 2013). Trend Analysis Germany Despite slow GDP growth rate in the second quarter of 2013, the rate is predicted to continue growing. According to EIU, Germany US GDP is expected to hit 2.6% and 2.4% by 2014 and 2015 respectively. In addition, the OECD GDP is expected to increase from 1.1% to 2.2 by 2015. However, Eurostat postulates that there is a possibility of economic contraction by the end of this year. This might result to an increased number of severely deprived people in the European countries. As stated earlier, this might lead to reduced purchasing power of the region. Exports contribute the highest income in the Germany’s economy. Therefore, severe deprivation in Europe might result to reduced national GDP by the year 2015 (International Monetary Fund 2013). UAE The International Monetary Fund (IMF) postulates that UAE GDP might decline to 3.6% in 2013. However, the body reports that the growth is expected to grow to 3.7% (2014), 3.8% (2015), 3.5% (2016), 3.4% (2017), and 3.5% (2018). The report asserted that earning from both oil and non-oil sectors will grow significantly. However, the report noted higher growth in non-hydrocarbon sectors than in the oil sector. IMF attributed the growth forecast to increased government spending and foreign capital inflow. In addition, UAE is perceived as the safest country in the warring Middle East countries (International Monetary Fund 2013). UAE government is committed to maintaining fast GDP growth rate. Consequently, the government is currently under intensive economic diversification programs to supplement energy. UAE government has rolled out a $ 90 billion 5-year projects to construct a new city. This city will host about 100 international hotels and the world’s largest shopping mall. The city will be the best tourist destination in the world. In addition, Dubai has one of the largest airports in the world. Its strategic locations have and will continue attracting most international stopover for flights. The government is planning to take advantage of the airport to establish the world trading centre in its capital. At this rate, UAE will soon be one of the largest national economies in the world (International Monetary Fund 2013). References Braun, H 2012, German Economy in the Twentieth Century, Routledge, London. Dunn, M Mutti, J 2012, International Economics, Routledge, London. EIU Country Analysis 2013, Country Report Germany 21 Oct 2013. Web. EIU Country Analysis 2013, Country Report UAE 21 Oct 2013. Web. International Monetary Fund 2013, Germany 2013 Article IV consultation, International Monetary Fun d, Washington, D.C. International Monetary Fund 2013, United Arab Emirates 2013 Article IV consultation, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. Thompson, W 2013, Western Europe 2013 (32nd ed.), Stryker-Post Publications, Lanham, Maryland. Trading economics 2013, Annual GDP growth rate. Web. World Data Bank 2013, World development indicators. Web.

Bluegrass performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bluegrass performance - Essay Example The music has long been influenced through jazz by the African-Americans and other migrants (Nemerov, 2009). Traditional acoustic stringed instruments are used to play bluegrass music. Instrumentations such as mandolin and five-string banjo accompanied by harmonica and Dobro (resonator) were used in the ancient traditional dance bands and influenced the current bluegrass bands. The currently flat picking style of playing the guitar evolved from the ancient thumb and finger picking (Cantwell, 2002). This was introduced by Earl Scruggs who influenced the three-finger pick. Despite the recent introduction of new grass due to electronic versions and new instruments such as harmonica, traditional instruments are still used and culture maintained. The theme of bluegrass music revolves around narratives about the people who first developed the music. The vocals in the music are a representative of the hardships that people of Appalachia in the ancient days and other rural areas went through living with limited financial resources. However, the currently evolving music includes interpersonal tensions, resistance to changes like the mountaintop coal mining and laments on love that was lost are part of the theme. The Appalachia railing of roads is also an integrated theme as performed by ballads like Nine pound hammer, form John Henry legend and Wreck of the Old 97. The vocal harmony, apart from instrumentation displays Bluegrass music as a cultural product. The high lonesome sound style represents the hardships that the ancient Appalachia people used to go through living with less financial resources. The style includes dissonant sound on the highest produced by two to four parts (Olson, 2006) . The baritone voice in the stack played in the 1950s by the Stanley brothers is still played and some parts added to the traditional parts. Currently, museums are

Management Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Research paper - Essay Example The aim of this system and policy was to wade off any interests of Western Conquerors. Some of the modern economic practices developed during the reign of Meiji. It is important to remember that during the Meiji period, the Japanese economy was still in shambles, finishing the remnants of feudalism having endured centuries of closure to foreign investors both directly and indirectly. This system was responsible for the slow technological development in the country. This was because the approach emphasized on building domestic imitation and innovations on Western goods. This system worked at the expense of importing products (McMillan, 1996, 71). The spirit of Meiji era captured the entire philosophy thus Japanese spirit, Western technology. Elements of the spirit and the Japanese culture over flowed to the twentieth century where the autonomy of the economy was evident both at micro and at macroeconomic levels. The ambition was to preserve the traditional character. The national econ omy has a long history of putting measures that restrict the process of bringing imports into Japan both directly and indirectly by investors. This has led to concomitant trade excesses in Japan for many years. This culture trickles down to the where large and complex families own and run most companies interdependently centered on their banking industries. The banks include Hitachi, Sumitomo, and Mitsubishi among many more. Economists agree that theoretically, the business organizations manage import components, raw materials, as well as capital from abroad through their affiliated organizations. Analysis The Japanese management techniques or the Japanese management style refers to a group of Japanese cultural ways of working as well as managerial behaviors after the World War II. Most of these management aspects wee responsible for driving the Japanese economy to the status as one of the world economic superpowers. The economy of Japan is the second largest in world second to that of the United States of America. The management techniques are also behind the growth of Japanese business especially the manufacturing sector. This sector is the most competitive in the world when compared to other manufacturing sectors. However, through the nineteen nineties, Japan struggled through economic hardships and recession leading to some experts in economic matters to question the ability of the traditional Japanese management styles to sustain the economy. The Japanese management technique concentrates on the need to for the information to move from bottom of the company or institution to the top. It is the bottom up approach for flow of information. This process leads to the senior management taking over supervisory roles as opposed to the hands-on system of management. The management style originates in the mid-level of the institution or company then moves upwards to the higher level for approval and ratification. The greatest advantage for this system of management is that the teams tasked with the responsibility of implementing a management policy are involved in the process of developing the same. The rise of a Japanese manager in the management ranks in the company of institution makes him or her more responsible, seems unassuming, as well as unambitious. Evaluation of effective leadership in the Japanese mana

Psychopharmacology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychopharmacology - Essay Example COX-2 inhibitors block the action of an enzyme used throughout the body to make a large and diverse family of compounds called prostanoids that are involved in regulating myriad physiological actions, including inflammation, blood clotting and protection of the stomach lining from the destructive effects of digestive acids (Brown, 2004). Congress is questioning why the FDA didn't force Merck to study Vioxx's heart risk sooner. Merck is facing hundreds of lawsuits and potentially billions of dollars in damages from Vioxx. Pfizer, the makers of Celebrex, which is a rival of Vioxx, have not yet pulled the popular painkiller off the market, although Celebrex also increases cardiovascular diseases. Celebrex, approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1998 for arthritis pain, has been prescribed to 27 million Americans and is the world's most widely prescribed arthritis drug ("Pfizer cites", 2005). Zoloft, Prozac and Paxil, known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs, are antidepressants and act by enhancing the signals in nerves that transmit messages with serotonin, a neurotransmitter. , which are chemicals that are used to relay and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell, are removed from the synaptic cleft by a process called reuptake. These drugs act on the neurotransmitter serotonin within the cell by delaying the reuptake process, thereby increasing the serotonergic effect. The regulators at the Food and Drug Administration ordered that all antidepressant drugs carry a prominent ‘black box’ warning to alert doctors that the medications increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior among children and adolescents.

Human Resource Planning On General Motors Commerce Essay

Human Resource Planning On General Motors Commerce Essay This report is based on Human Resource Planning of General Motors. This study includes the brief description regarding the importance of human resource planning that aligns itself with the business strategies to gain competitive advantage. Effects of Environment in General Motors on the staff, recruiting and selecting employees, dismissal and grievance processes and overall organizational culture works with the human resource planning. This planning makes sustainable goals. In short, without human resource planning an organization cannot survive. HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING INTRODUCTION: About Human Resource Planning Human resource planning is a practice by which managers of the organizations ensure that they have right number of competent, proficient and skilled employees working at specific positions at the right time. Through this planning, the organizations can avoid losses and can deal with contingencies which will eventually result in profitability (Robbins and Coulter, 2006). In other words human resource planning helps organization to hire skilled and knowledgeable employees who can meet the needs of the organization in this competitive world. It helps in assessing the current needs of the organization as well as it meets the future needs of the organization (Beauregard and Fitzgerald, 1999). Global overview on Human Resource Planning Human resource planning has enabled human resource department to align with organizations strategic goals and to achieve operational excellence. Now the organizations can also evaluate the employee performance and can deal with the employee performance issues in this dynamic market environment (Winter, 1999). By amalgamation of human resource plan with organizational goals, the organization can have a flexible, customized and integrated approach to deal with its workforce planning needs (Robert, 1997). GENERAL MOTORS Human Resource Planning The organization that has been selected for this assignment is General Motors. It is the largest automaker company in the world. It is a multinational company. It does business in more than 120 countries. GM employs 209,000 people in every major region of the world because of strategic human resource planning. GM is well aware of the environmental negative impacts so it works with the environment and makes its future plans and projects accordingly (General Motors, 2011). Human resource planning in General Motors is a much emphasized area. They hire 209,000 people in every major region of the world. General Motors hire skilled, optimistic, engaged and competent employees who share innovative ideas and produce best vehicles. Due to human resource planning it keeps assessing and evaluating the employee performance and give growth opportunities to talented employees. General Motors gives extra benefits to its employees like medical plans and investment options because it knows how to decrease the turnover ratio and keep accelerating the employees for better performance in a competitive and dynamic environment. It knows that they have right number and kind of skilled and competent employees working at right positions at right time (General Motors, 2011). Structure This assignment is divided into five parts from A to F. Section A would discuss the brief introduction of human resource planning and its global overview, section B would discuss that how human resource plan of General Motors supports organization strategic objectives, section C would define the General Motors staffing process that what should be the legal frameworks for hiring the employees, section D is about the effects of General Motors organizational environment on staff, section E would define the General Motors grievance, dismissal and discipline process and lastly section F would discuss the conclusion and final impressions based on the analysis. HR PLANS OF GENERAL MOTORS SUPPORTS ITS STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES Because of new technology and strategies the environment is becoming more competitive so the General Motors have adopted different approach from traditional human resource practices to meet the strategic goals of the organization by selling human resource services to outside clients hence generating an additional income for the organization (Phillips, 1999). (B.1) STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CURRENT, FUTURE AND EXPECTED HR REQUIREMENTS General Motors strategic capability General Motors is one of the growing and profitable organizations in the world; its main tool for achieving long term goals is reward system that is giving incentives or bonuses to the employees. It gives growth opportunities to all the talented employees. The main business strategy for long term profitability is the development of senior executive talent. General Motors does not offer jobs, they offer career. These all human resource strategies have a major effect on individual performance and on long term profitability of an organization (Tichy, Fombrun and Devanna, 1981). Its mission is to hire the competent, skilled and empowered employees who have a clear vision and ground-breaking ideas and who remain committed to work. Employees have a career in General Motors with valuable benefits (General Motors, 2011). Putting together an HR strategy General Motors collaborate with its competitors. Collaboration is a business strategy of GM to gain competitive advantage. This cooperation is a low cost method for new companies to gain knowledge about the market and technology. Because of collaboration the companies get win-win situation. General Motors make purchases of cars and components from Koreas Daewoo. For the success of collaboration both the companies should have some valuable asset to share like development skills, basic research and so on (Hamel, Doz and Prahalad, 1988). Fuel Efficiency is another business strategy of General Motors; General Motors is trying to enhance fuel efficiency capabilities through its flex fueled cars (Norton, 2010). Cost Cutting is another business strategy of General Motors, as they are reducing its brands so it will save cost which will close the dealership and will ultimately result in cost reduction (Norton, 2010). The collaboration business strategy is followed by human resource off shoring strategy. The occurrence of off shoring, supporting benefits and joint venture agreements are associated with how investors view a company in the profitability criteria. General Motors have turned to China and India as sources of employment to supplement their full time employees in the United States. Before going for competitive collaboration with other companies the organization must have an off shoring strategy (David, 2009). The fuel efficiency strategy is followed by High Performance Work System strategy of human resource department. The main focus of High Performance Work System is on the organizing work so that all the employees can participate effectively in decision making which affects on the daily operations of the organization (Azrul, 2011). The workers can make their own decisions to accomplish their goal, which is the basic par of High Performance Work System the use of technology is another component of High Performance Work System (Azrul, 2011). For cost cutting business strategy the human resource department following strategy is redundancy. If a manager of the company feels that cutback of an employee is necessary so he will straight away contact human resource department (Charles, 2001). General Motors used to have 22 layers of management but later on they learned to reduce the hierarchy levels of management and started promoting team work. Hiring and sourcing decisions are made by teams and the classification of jobs of GM has been reduced from 18 to 7 and workers are responsible for their own training (Swart, Mann and Price, 2005). Strategic importance of HR requirements Current HR requirements of General Motors are to reduce the dealerships because it has too large dealership network that is causing obstacles in its viability. In this way GM will be able to retain higher sales and service staff. GM present goals are as follows, To enable the automakers and subsidies to develop competitive business that can decrease the adverse effects on the environment. To increase the capability of the auto makers and subsidies to use efficient, aggressive and updated technology for producing vehicles. To reshape and resize the dealership network. To recruit the best talent. To staff employees who can participate in product development and in increasing market share by using their competent skill (Barofsky, 2010). Future HR requirements of General Motors are to stimulate sales by the use of diversified workers who can incorporate new technology, skills and ideas in this competitive world. General motors have always aligned its business strategies with the human resource strategies in order to be competent in this dynamic environment (Brockbank, 1999). In addition GM also focus on compensation strategy to motivate the workers and it will increase it sales by hiring competent workers (Muczyk, 1988). (B.2) HR PLANNING IMPACTS ON STRATEFIC PLANS General Motors business plan GM plan is to make innovation style vehicle with top quality and fuel efficiency features. They carry out environmental friendly practices. GM by reconstructing and strengthening wants to expand in order to share their new and better General Motors not only in U.S but throughout the world (Norton, 2010). General Motors HR planning process Demand forecasting in General Motors works for product diversity and design efficiency which leads it to hold a strong position in market. It works in cooperation according to the demand of the people (Norton, 1997). Supply forecasting is very important. General Motors may also hold back by its suppliers. In 1194 General Motors lost almost two months production of Buick Roadmaster because of late supply of doors and ashtrays (Cachon and Lariviere, 2001). For Internal movements the managers of General Motors must recruit, hire, train, motivate and organize employees, and in the same way they should acquire and organize material resources for the manufacture of its cars and trucks. General Motors must beat back its competitors by marketing its vehicles. GM increases productivity by giving rewards to the workers (Simons, 1981). General Motors components of HR plan Training plans are provided by General Motors to their employees to boost their career and make them able to meet international flexibility (General Motors, 2011). Growth plans at GM for talented, competent and skilled workers are as wide as the world.  It gives the career exposure to the employees and takes them to next gear (General Motors, 2011). Rewarding plans are on high scale in GM, along with the salary the employees will also get medical facilities as well as investment options (General Motors, 2011). Promotional plans at GM includes disability benefits, life insurance of employees, it offers paid holidays annually, GM employees and their direct family members can purchase GM vehicles at a significant discount (General Motors, 2011). Employee utilization plan at GM gives employees more responsibility and authority to make decisions and accomplish their goals accordingly and then hold them responsible (General Motors, 2011). Impact of HR plan on strategic plan High performance work system is a flexible and team based system, General Motors have work teams and performance based wages system (Rouse, 2000). By recruiting the talented and operative employees the General Motors can boost its productivity and profitability and can achieve its long term goals (Azrul, 2011). The compensation strategy that is giving rewards to the employees based on their job performance also helps organization to achieve long term goals (Muczyk, 1988). ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF STAFF (C.1) CURRENT LEGAL REQUIREMENTS INFUENCING HR PLAN Fairness in recruitment and hiring General Motors recruits on the basis of an employees own self interest area. At GM they are interested in an individual abilities and skills. They assess in a fair and accurate way each and every quality of an applicant in relation with the demands of the post. General Motors follows a behavioral based interview process, they evaluate the personal and professional competencies that individual possess which can be the success factor the open position (General Motors, 2011). Fairness and protection during employment GM is committed to creating a diverse workplace. They have a policy on equal employment opportunity and harassment. Harassment based on age factor, cast, ethnicity, color, gender, disability, gender identity/expression is a violation of this policy. Harassment is an offensive act which is strictly prohibited (General Motors, 2011). Leaving the organization In 2009, General Motors needed to re size the organization therefore dismissed the employees and decided to eliminate 10,000 salaried employees. It employed 243,000 salaried and hourly workers at the end of 2008 but in 2009 it plans to cut about 47,000 salaried and hourly jobs worldwide (LaReau, 2009). (C.2) RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION OF NEW STAFF Legal and organizational requirements Organizations must hire right ones and reject wrong ones. As employees are the asset so you must choose asset rather than liability (Hacker, 1997). The organizations must have proper procedures for attracting the employees. Recruitment is about future predictions so while recruiting the company should hire a person whose interest and goals can be aligned with organization goals (Bach, 2005). Recruitment process Planning how to find and attract candidates- recruitment is the process of hiring those people who can contribute to the organizational goals. First review of a company is necessary then analyzes the requirements. It is necessary for choosing the assets and differentiating the right fit and wrong fit. Attract candidates by giving job requirements plus benefits (Bach, 2005). Defining requirements- it is necessary to define the requirements for job that what skills, knowledge, abilities, input, desired output and job context is needed (Bach, 2005). Job description, person specifications and competencies- the next stage is job description which defines what is the job, purpose of job, what tasks are to be done, standards, duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships. It is all about the job itself. Then next stage is to examine a person specification that is the worker psychological characteristics (Bach, 2005). Advertising the vacancy- the next step is to advertise the vacancy, this is a very creative task and needs lot of skills therefore many companies do outsourcing (give advertising work to advertise agencies). Newspaper, radio, television and e-advertising are the common sources (Bach, 2005). General Motors uses its own website for recruitment (General Motors, 2011). Reviewing the effectiveness of recruitment- at the end the HR department evaluates the effectiveness of recruitment method by the response of individuals (Bach, 2005). Selection process Sifting candidates- after recruitment the employer will filter the candidates who best matches with the job requirement (Bach, 2005). Short-listing candidates- in this step employer choose the candidates who are reliable and competent (Bach, 2005). Selection, interviewing and testing- many candidates are selected on the basis of their CVs, their past experiences and achievements (Wingrove et al., 1984). Interviewing is done which is not a reliable method because some time the interviewer and interviewee views regarding jobs may differ (Bach, 2005). Contract of employment- this contract is made between an organization and candidate. It includes job specifications, salary, benefits, time duration, working hours and other details (Bach, 2005). Inducting new employees- the final step is of introducing the new worker to the organization (Bach, 2005). GM ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT ON STAFF (D.1) GM CULTURAL EFFECTS ON RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION OF STAFF Organizational culture The concept of organization culture is becoming common everywhere and its gaining attention from the practitioners and intellectual bodies (Schein and H., 1990) Effect of organization culture on recruitment General Motors culture is innovative and while recruiting innovation attracts people. At GM employees are encouraged to experiment and rewarded for experimenting new products in the market place (Rao, 2010). Effect of organization culture on retention In 1950 general Motors was operating plant in Fremont, California where Chevrolet car was assembled. At that time General Motors declared to leave the United Auto Workers in the upper Middle West and it will not be dealing with them by moving to west. This statement caused the conflicts in the corporation, thus in 1982 the plant was running at disastrous low level, 5000 complaints were filled every year, 21 daily and more than 2000 complaints were unresolved. Due to poor productivity GM collaborated with Toyota and in 1985 they opened plant again and this time due to change in organizational culture only 2 complaints were filled and resolved. The plant was generating profits because of quality, efficiency, productivity, team work and employees decision making authority and none employee left the job (Cameron and Quinn, 1999). (D.2) ASSESSMENT OF WORK LIFE BALANCES ISSUES AND THE CHANGING PATERNS OF WORK BEHAVIOUR Work life balance issues Flexible workers report low levels of stress and thus increase productivity (Eaton, 2003). Workers who take family tension along with work do not perform well and in the case of downsizing they are demoralized (Vries and Balazs, 1997). Changing work practices Firms that are flexible and allow the employees working from home have good work life balance. The firms that are family friendly who allows employees to take time off for children are highly productive. The companies should be friendly practiced, should give time off for the children, job switching should not be an issue and should give time to relax (Bloom, Reenan and Kretschmer, 2009). GRIEVANCE, DISCIPLINE AND DISMISSAL PROCESS (E.1) PROCESS FOLLOWED IN GRIEVANCE SITUATION Employee informs grievance- complain is regarding work place problems and neglected staff. Informal discussion- the employees is called for the meeting with the manager and manager asks questions what went wrong, what is the matter. In case of harassment the form is filled and sent to the vice chancellor. Investigating the grievance- company investigates what went wrong and ask the employees. Making a decision-if the vice chancellor identifies that the objection is frolicsome or out of time so he will stop further process. Normally review is made before 2 months. Offering the right to appeal- the complainant may appeal. ( Thomas, 2001) (E.2) STAGES OF DISCIPLINE ISSUES RESULT IN DISMISSAL Dismissal- the employer dismisses the employees for bad conduct, improper work and inefficiency. Investigation- the investigation is carried out by HR department that what went wrong, ask questions from other employees. Meeting- a meeting is settled where employee has to answer. Decision- the decision is taken whether to fire or not. Right to appeal- the employee can appeal for the right decision (Thomas, 2001). (E.3) ROLE OF ACAS Role of ACAS in grievance, discipline and dismissal process ACAS provides practical guidance to employers, workers and their representatives on: requirements relating to disciplinary and grievance issues; what constitutes reasonable behavior when dealing with disciplinary and grievance issues; Producing and using disciplinary and grievance procedures; and A workers right to bring an attendant to grievance and disciplinary hearings (ACAS R, 2006). Role of employment tribunals in grievance, discipline and dismissal process In 2001, the government launched the consultation document Routes to Resolution its goal were a high skills and high productive economy, the fundamental principles of access to justice, fair and competent tribunals and a modern, user-friendly public service. It talks about the right of the individual and resolves dispute between employer and employee (ACAS, 2006). Role of other external agencies in grievance, discipline and dismissal process The Equality and Human Rights Commission works with organizations in the public, private and voluntary sectors to diminish discrimination and promote equal opportunities for all employees, customers and the users of services. Healthy and safety executive concerned with the employees safe conditions at work. CONCLUSION This research defines the human resource planning and the processes involved in it. General Motors is a multinational company which is ranked among 10 profitable countries. Human resource planning is essential because it deals with the business strategies and helps companies to attain long term goals. Through human resource planning General Motors can align its business strategies with human resource strategies. It gives complete structure of staffing and hiring and issues related to jobs.

A Look into Digital Broadcasting Essay -- Digital Broadcasting Technol

A Look into Digital Broadcasting Digital Broadcasting will have a fundamental effect on viewing patterns, popular culture and audience identity. This will be done firstly by looking at the history of the BBC and the original intention of Public Service Broadcasting. It will discuss how by John Reith’s successful approach to broadcasting, the BBC became a National Institution creating popular culture and a National Identity. It will examine how these first steps and ideas have major role in the introduction of Digital Broadcasting today and whether the initial ‘Reithian’ values have any meaning in today’s society. It will finally conclude what effect if any, these changes will have on British life as a whole and whether the fear of change is justified. In the 2oth century the advance of technology has been fundamental in the way we live our lives today. The recent introduction of Digital Broadcasting to Great Britain has caused many technologists to become swept up in a sense of awed enthusiasm about the infinite possibilities of the new digital age. In its early stages digital broadcasting is only available to a minority and it will take ten years or so to become a new way of life. Digital Broadcasting has thousands of new services to offer its viewers and listeners. Instead of pictures and sound being transformed into waves, the new technology turns them into a series of digits which are transmitted through the air and received by television or radio aerials. Digital Broadcasting is more efficient than analogue, giving space for six channels where analogue would give you one. Digital brings better picture, better sound quality and more choice and cinematic style. The new era gives the audience greater interaction with its broadcaster and also the opportunity to shop, book holidays, bank and play games all form remote control. It is not just television that is going digital. Radio too will offer the listener a transformed experience in what we enjoy the most. The sound quality will be crystal clear and free from interruption. New digital radio sets will offer a built in display panel which will show graphics as well as facts and figures relating to the programme you are listening to. These are the things that we have come to expect from a broadcasting journey lasting 80 years. The new technological change is revolutionar... ... London; Routledge LEWIS, Lisa. A 1992 ‘The Adoring Audience’ London; Routledge NEGRINE, Ralph 1992 ‘Politics and the Mass Media’ London; Routledge O’SULLIVAN, Tim 1994 ‘Key Concepts in Communication Studies’ London; Routledge PRICE, Stuart 1993 ‘Media Studies’ Harlow; Longman STRINATI, Dominic 1992 ‘Popular Media Culture’ London; Routledge TULLOCH, Sarah 1996 ‘Complete Word Finder’ Oxford; Readers Digest Websites ‘BBC Digital’ http://www.bbc.co.uk ‘Pay TV Company British Digital Broadcasting...’ http://www.itn.co.uk/business/bus http://www.sky.co.uk Periodicals ‘Put Quality 1st, Smith to warn BBC’ Daily Mail - Monday 12 April 1999 ‘Sky Facts 1999’ British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC

International Logistics Industry

In a global economy, the movement of goods and materials is very crucial for the success of a company. More often, the materials are process in another place that is it is needed that these materials be ship. When one wants to be known globally, it will market its products around the world, thus the right timing of shipment is necessary for profit. Logistics is a business that started in 1950. Logistics industry takes care of supplying different materials and shipping out products. . It is the science of process and incorporates all industry sectors.   Logistics can be defined as having the right quantity at the right time for the right price. It is the science of process and incorporates all industry sectors. The goal of logistic work is to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant efficiencies (.Wikipedia). Creating a balance between financial, environmental and societal growth is a difficult task but is very critical if one company would like to make sure that they are to stay for a long time in the market.   Competition becomes beneficial for one company when because without it there will be no need for innovations and changes in the industry. Consumers have a choice thus companies are always evolving to make their products and company more appealing. In the logistics industry, these consumers are companies of other industry that is aiming for a global market. In any given industry, there are some industry norms that set how a company in a specific industry sets their capital structure (Brackers, 2004). This is also synonymous to the level of business risk to be undertaken that would be acceptable in the industry. These industry norms should serve as guides for the companies included in the industry and not to be followed blindly as there are always exceptions in any rules. The stability of the alliance between the two companies must be ensured because it would play a key role in determining the flow of development of the products being developed. It must be ensured that the manpower working from both companies are both have the proper knowledge needed for the development of the product, who are willing to give their best effort to make sure that deadlines are met. There should also be consistency in the manpower handling the project because the next person place could not know all the information like the former. The key to a successful partnership is inter-dependency. Business done through the aid of an internet is called electronic commerce. This kind of business has boomed in the 21st century with the massive availability of personal computers and laptops. Everything happens in the internet, anything that one could think of. There is internet shopping, online education and internet banking and so many more (Yingli, Lalwani and Aryee, 2005). Now even logistics services have their own website for easy verification of would be customers. Every company has their own strategy but the burden lies in properly executing this strategies. Chapman (2004) has concluded that almost ninety percent of companies fail in properly executing their strategies. Studies show that when CEO’s who have failed have been interviewed said that the thing that led them to downfall was the bad execution of strategies that they have formulated. Only fourteen percent of those included in Times 1000 companies have commented that they are implementing good strategies. One strategy that successful logistics companies are using now is Rate Explorer.   Rate explorer is a system us to prepare customer quotations. Rate explorer has a total of thirty-five contracts inbound and outbound operations within the region of the United States of America.   One company that relies on them is Mallory Alexander. This company has been voted as one of the 2006 Top 100 3PL ((Third Party Logistics company). This award is a big boost on their image because this award is based o the opinions of major shippers in the industry. This award was given by Inbound Logistics magazine (http://www.pr.com/press-release/17317). Anyone entering a business would want it to last as long as it could be but if one would not be open to modernization they would not be able to carry on. An innovation does not mean that the past would be completely forgotten. In business, creativity and patience is needed to sustain it and make sure that one would stay for a long time. Logistics industry knows how powerful technological developments are. Some companies within this industry are also looking at the avenue of electronic commerce to help them in gaining a greater profit and more customers. New corporate strategies and processes are required to cope up with this change. Managing business risk is important, new avenues should prove to be effective for the logistic company and not a liability. Business risk refers to the inherent risk in the firm before debt is introduced to the picture. Business risk is caused by such factors as inflation, interest rates, economic periods, fixed versus variable costs, volatility of input costs, ability to change prices, and sensitivity of sales to economic factors. High levels of Business risk determine the degree of the volatile of sales and the changes in EBIT as dictated by the change in sales. The degree of business risk a company or industry takes is directly proportional to the volatility of the EBIT that they could get (Brackers, 2004). Success is nothing if you can not measure it. A company lay down factors or guidelines for their services and manpower in order for them to gauge if they met their goals or if there is a problem within and how to address it. There are factors that need to be considered when one company tries to check if its service and manpower are able to meet the goals and objective set.   Implementation and evaluation would play a crucial part in determining the outcome of the logistics industries venture in e-commerce. Reference: Logistics. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 05, 2006, from Answers.com Web site:   http://www.answers.com/topic/logistics-2 Brackers, Kevin. (2004 November 17). Chapter 13: Capital Restructure. Pittsburg State University. Retrieved November 04, 2006 from http://www.pittstate.edu/econ/ch12326.html Chapman, Alan. (2004). Strategy Implementation and Realization. Farsight Leadership Ltd. Businessball.com. Retrieved November 04, 2006 from http://www.businessballs.com/businessstrategyimplementation.htm Mallory Alexander press release. 08 Sept 2006. Retrieved November 04, 2006 from http://www.pr.com/press-release/17317 De Busscher, Lucien. 2002. Opportunities and Challenges for Logistics Service Providers in Europe. PWC Consulting. PricewaterhouseCoopers. Retrieved November 04, 2006 from http://www.eyefortransport.com/ResArticles/logistics_eng.pdf Vate, John Vande and Amy Ward. The Ins and Outs of Outsourcing.   Executive masters International Logistics. Retrieved November 04, 2006 from http://www.emil.gatech.edu/news-events/article.php?aid=177 Yingli Wang, Chandra Lalwani and   Gilbert Aryee. E-business Enabled Customised Logistics Sustainability. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics. August 10-12, 2005, Beijing, China. Retrieved November 04, 2006 from http://www.ssglobal.org/2005/ProgramAbstract.pdf

Isaac Newton essays

Isaac Newton essays Isaac Newton was a well-known English scientist. He accomplished a lot during his time and influenced the world a great deal. He is considered to have contributed more to science than any other person. His life can be divided into three periods. The first one was his early childhood, he second was the time of his accomplishments, and the third is his later life. Isaac Newton was born on December 25, 1642 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. His family was poor and his parents farmed for a living. His father died three months before he was born. His mother later remarried a minister and Newton went to stay with his grandmother. He attended a grammar school at the age of eleven, but did not do well. His teachers said that he did not pay attention. His mother then decided to pull him out of school and put him in charge of her properties. Newton decided that he did not want to do this, and, with the help of his uncle, Newton convinced his mother to let him return to school. Stokes, the headmaster of the school, saw that Newton had potential, therefore, he put extra time into tutoring, guiding and mentoring Newton (OConnor Newton entered Cambridge College on June 5, 1661. He was older than most of the students there and entered as a sizar (a student who received money for college expenses in exchange for being a servant to other students). He wanted to major in law. At Cambridge he studied the philosophies of Aristotle and many other philosophist. During his third year he learned about the philosophies of Descartes, Gassending, but mostly of Boyle. He also read book about Copernicus and his relation to astronomy as well as Galileo and Kepler. Newton became fascinated by the ideas of these scientists. He began recording his thought in a book, which was called Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae. He received his bachelors degree in April 1665 (OConnor Newton m...

British Victory essays

British Victory essays The series of wars over the control of the North American continent had many varied results that eventually resulted in a British victory. They were helped by the American colonists who at that time did not have an organized army such as Britain did, but rather an unorganized militia. In many battles, there could have been a bit of luck involved plus many of Britains war tactics resulted in more victorious outcomes than the French. The wars became more and more advanced militarily as time progressed from King Williams War in 1689 to the Battle of Quebec in 1759, which was one of the most incredible battles in world military history. The British ended up victorious in this struggle for control of the North American continent because of their linear warfare tactics, help from the Iroquois, a little bit of luck, and of course from their loyal American colonial subjects. One of the major reasons for Britains victory was their very simple but effective war tactic known as linear warfare and their other strategies that proved to be successful as well. This involved the simple organized arrangement of soldiers in a line facing the enemy, firing their muskets command. This was most affective in open field and especially in the Battle of Quebec. The British were smart in choosing young commanders such as James Wolfe at times to lead sections of their army. This was smart because these men were in better physical shape and were much sharper than those old hags that they sent out there to lead their men. The use of guerilla warfare was also a major benefit to both sides of the battles. The British won for other reasons such as smart decisions off of the battlefield and also because of battles held in areas other than America. They targeted key points that would definitely do harm to the French and would weaken their morale and their chances in later battles. Also, because the French had devoted much of their f...

Perental Responsibilty Laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Perental Responsibilty Laws - Research Paper Example Furthermore, these liabilities do not intrude on the common law responsibilities of the parents that are connected to the failure of parents averting a child’s action that might be in any way harmful. Comparing the common law and the Parental responsibility laws, where the former does not put a parent responsible for their child’s actions by design, the latter acts as a medium where it puts the parent directly responsible for any minimum intentional damage caused by the child (Lehrer 2009). Combining it with criminal justice, Sage (2009) mentions the ‘duty of control’ view in which parents are liable for their children’s action if they have not adequately controlled the child. That is, if the control was adequate, they cannot be answerable. In such an instance, controlling the life of a child is limited to only stopping them from engaging in any criminal behavior. If the dos and don’ts are effectively controlled by the parents, then they are n ot responsible for the crime. According to Dr. Weatherburn (as cited in Loeber and Louber, 1986) in the US research, the criminal behavior is directly related to the parental control. This research stated that the parent factors that make way to such crime include the likes of neglect, conflict and discipline, deviant parental behaviors and attitudes, and family disruption. The research also stated that if the amount of neglected children rises to 1000, then the number of children involved in crime would increase to 256. Thus, with the positive relation revealed, it is eminent to control the above stated parental factors. However, these laws are not implied on the parents until their child reaches the age of 8 and 10. Also, the laws are no more applicable once the child crosses the age of majority which may differ with each border. This law first originated in the forties in the state of Hawaii. After 1846, it became one of the most widely implemented laws; those parents who were re sponsible for the intentional crimes of their children ended up following the statutes of civil liability (Weatherburn, 2004). After it originated in Hawaii, the first state to add to the law was Colorado in 1903. Since then, almost all of the states in the US have adopted such types of laws. The law divides the juvenile crime in two. One is the civil offense and the other is criminal in nature (Weatherburn, 2004). Considering the Australian courts, the Family Law Reform Act was applied in 1995 with several amendments. In 2006, a â€Å"friendly parent† provision was introduced that considered the overall relation each parent had with the other regarding the matters related to children (Benevolent society). As for UK, the first legislation was imposed in 1933 in which those parents whose child made an offence became the subject of penalty. In Ireland, the willful ignorance of parents on the behalf of their children, thus, leading to criminal behavior, is taken into considerati on under the Children Act 2001 (Roth 2006). Therefore, apart from the legislative measures in the above stated countries, it becomes evident that the significance of parent responsibility is becoming increasingly important (Roth 2006). It also becomes apparent that these legislations have been a part of the above mentioned nations for long. However, there was one incident that really gave pace to fighting youth crime. In 1996, one Provenzino case caught the attention of the entire

Compare and Contrast Three Computers and Recommend the Best Essay

Compare and Contrast Three Computers and Recommend the Best - Essay Example Compare and Contrast Three Computers and Recommend the Best Considering the importance of computer to a business organization, the decision of choosing one is highly significant. While choosing the best computer for a business organization one has to evaluate all aspects. At least three computers must be chosen and their features should be compared and contrasted and then the best one should be chosen. Best computer for an organization should have a fast processor, ample storage capacity, fulfill audio video needs and should support optical device. Other features like ability to upgrade and expand and support/warranty should also be considered. Acer Veriton VM670G-UQ9501C Acer Veriton is designed for business organization and is capable of running all business applications and software. It has 2.8 GHz Intel Core 2 Quad Processor and 4 GB 1333 MHz DDR3 RAM. 320GB memory means that there is enough space for the organization to record all its data and store various documents. This memory can be expanded to 8GB and storage capacity can also be do ubled with the installation of memory cards. The dedicated ATI Radeon HD 4350 PRO video   in the machine one feature that distinguishes it with most other corporate desktops. This video card enables users to create a variety of new and vibrant brochures designs and make use of multimedia tools and applications in order to make the organization more profitable and productive . The machine has 10 Usb ports, Ethernet pert and DVD drive. It enables connection with printers, multimedia and other devices that aid business process. Moreover the machine comes with three year warranty and users have complete support and assistance from the manufacturer. Apple iMAC Apple iMAC is easily available in stores and online. Apple iMac is ideal for viewing high definition content and using application that require high resolution. The machine has 3.06 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo processor and 4GB of memory. It has 500GB SATA hard drive which is more than sufficient for data storage for average business us er. â€Å"Hard drive storage can be expanded to a huge capacity of 2TB. The maximum levels of hard drive space, processor speed and memory capacity are far greater than the average business user will ever need.†( â€Å"Apple iMac Review†, n.d). Though the led technology screen displays colors accurately it is reported that the screen lacks reflective coating. â€Å"Especially under fluorescent lights, the screen acts as a mirror and reflects its surroundings, making the completion of tasks difficult at best.† ( â€Å"Apple iMac Review†, n.d) The iMAC has highly effective data transfer tools. The thunderbolt port transfers data up to 12 times faster than any usb port and it is also more versatile.(apple, 2011). It does not have Ethernet port but it has an in built Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The iMAC comes with 90 days of support over the telephone for any sort of assistance and a 1 year warranty. Apple iMAC is ideal for firms that make use of high definition con tent for instance advertisement agencies but for other firms for instance accountancy firm, its massive memory and high resolution might be of little use. HP Compaq 6000 Pro The base processor of HP Compaq 600 pro is the Intel Celeron 450 that runs at 2.20 GHz. It can be upgraded to a maximum of 2.66 to 3.0 Core 2 Quad processor. It has 2 GB memory which can be extended to 16